A Personal Take on the Debate Between Rationalism and Empiricism.Doc Essay Example for Free

A Personal Take on the Debate Between Rationalism and Empiricism.Doc Essay The study of knowledge, or epistemology, contains theoretical methods by which information is learned. Of these methods, two are most widely accepted. These two methods, rationalism and empiricism, are also the most widely debated methods of knowledge acquisition. Rationalism claims that knowledge is gained by a priori processes and intuition. Rationalism claims that knowledge is innate; however the level of innate knowledge contained by humans varies amongst rationalists. At the other end of the spectrum, empiricism claims that knowledge is gained largely by experience, observation, and sensory perception. These views pose a striking contrast and controversy within the theory of knowledge. Which view is correct, or is there even a correct view? As rationalism and empiricism are studied and compared, it becomes evident that empiricism is the more correct theory of the acquisition of knowledge. However, in order to believe so, there must be a differentiation between knowledge and behavior. According to the empirical scientific process, bodily behavior and function is rationalist. That is, it occurs without humans first learning how to breathe and pump blood with their heart. Knowledge however, refers to The British philosopher John Locke is credited with formulating the complete modern doctrine of empiricism. Locke proposed that, upon entrance into the world, the mind is a white paper upon which experiences leave their marks. According to Locke in his Essay Concerning Human Understanding the predominant sources of ideas and knowledge are sensation and reflection. It seems that after receiving knowledge empirically, the human mind resorts to reflecting on the information. This reflection could ultimately lead to the internalization of knowledge, therefore making it seem innate upon recall of the information. Scottish philosopher David Humes thoughts and theories regarding empiricism are the basis of what is understood as empiricism today. Humes studies on empiricism took empiricist ideas to a whole new level. Hume divided all of knowledge into two categories: relations of ideas and matters of fact. Relations of ideas encompass logical propositions such as mathematics and geometry, while matters of fact are pieces of knowledge dependent on observation. Hume goes even further in saying that ideas, commonly understood as arising from human intuition (rationalism), are empiricist. According to Hume, ideas are merely remembrances of impressions or sensations gained by experience and observation. Humes ideas here are not unreasonable. While ideas can be new or innovative they generally do build upon the knowledge already possessed by experience. For example, the iPod was a new idea; however the idea itself was a remembrance of previous portable music devices such as the Walkman or Discman. In effect, Hume seems to be saying that new ideas are simply improvements made to existing ideas gained through impressions and sensations. While rationalism and empiricism are generally recognized as opposing views, it is important to remember that they are not mutually exclusive when understood in a general sense. However, when a philosopher is looking for the fundamental source of all knowledge, then one view must be discarded in favor of another. By separating human knowledge from human body function, it is reasonable to conclude that all human knowledge and ideas are gained empirically and through experience.

The Neurobiology of Anxiety Disorders: A Preliminary Investigation Essa

The Neurobiology of Anxiety Disorders: A Preliminary Investigation When I first began my research for this paper, I was primarily interested in learning more about the role of serotonin in the treatment of anxiety disorders. While I did discover that serotonin is important, especially when it comes to understanding the latest drugs being prescribed by doctors to combat anxiety symptoms, I also learned that researchers are pursuing a number of other "leads" in investigating the neurobiology of anxiety disorders. There has been evidence suggesting that a particular gene, or genes, may be associated with the development of anxiety disorders (1). In addition, the circuitry of the amygdala, an area of the brain that regulates fear responses, is now being studied (2). First, I will briefly summarize my findings regarding serotonin, and then I will offer my own personal reaction. I will focus my response around Social Anxiety Disorder, one of a number of anxiety disorders that are diagnosed and treated today. Anxiety disorders are the most common mental illnesses in America, affecting approximately 19 million adults (3). Although everyone experiences mild symptoms of anxiety at some point in their lives, those who suffer from an anxiety disorder have chronic and intense bouts of panic. They may fear or dread common social situations such as being out in public with a group of friends (4), or experience full-blown panic attacks (5) that make it impossible to go grocery shopping or to get to work in the morning. If untreated, anxiety disorders can severely impact the quality of one's life, and symptoms may grow even worse over time. There are several types of anxiety disorders, including Panic Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Disor... ...c internet resource http://www.algy.com/anxiety/files/barlow.html 6)Serotonin, from Department of Psychology, California State University http://www.csuchico.edu/psy/BioPsych/serotonin.html 7)"The Physiology of Panic Disorder, Part II", from Panic/Anxiety Disorders on about.com http://panicdisorder.about.com/health/panicdisorder/library/weekly/aa043097.htm 8)"Drug May Help in Rx, Education of Panic Disorder", from The Medical Post, January 29, 1996, found on Internet Mental Health http://www.mentalhealth.com/mag1/p5m-pan1.html 9)Paxil, from SmithKline Beecham http://www.paxil.com/ Other Resources 1)The Neurobiology of Childhood Emotion: Anxiety, from The American Psychoanalyst, Vol. 32, No. 2 http://www.apsa.org/tap/anxiety.htm 2)The Neurobiology of Depression, from Scientific American, June 1998 http://www.sciam.com/missing.cfm The Neurobiology of Anxiety Disorders: A Preliminary Investigation Essa The Neurobiology of Anxiety Disorders: A Preliminary Investigation When I first began my research for this paper, I was primarily interested in learning more about the role of serotonin in the treatment of anxiety disorders. While I did discover that serotonin is important, especially when it comes to understanding the latest drugs being prescribed by doctors to combat anxiety symptoms, I also learned that researchers are pursuing a number of other "leads" in investigating the neurobiology of anxiety disorders. There has been evidence suggesting that a particular gene, or genes, may be associated with the development of anxiety disorders (1). In addition, the circuitry of the amygdala, an area of the brain that regulates fear responses, is now being studied (2). First, I will briefly summarize my findings regarding serotonin, and then I will offer my own personal reaction. I will focus my response around Social Anxiety Disorder, one of a number of anxiety disorders that are diagnosed and treated today. Anxiety disorders are the most common mental illnesses in America, affecting approximately 19 million adults (3). Although everyone experiences mild symptoms of anxiety at some point in their lives, those who suffer from an anxiety disorder have chronic and intense bouts of panic. They may fear or dread common social situations such as being out in public with a group of friends (4), or experience full-blown panic attacks (5) that make it impossible to go grocery shopping or to get to work in the morning. If untreated, anxiety disorders can severely impact the quality of one's life, and symptoms may grow even worse over time. There are several types of anxiety disorders, including Panic Disorder, Obsessive-Compulsive Disor... ...c internet resource http://www.algy.com/anxiety/files/barlow.html 6)Serotonin, from Department of Psychology, California State University http://www.csuchico.edu/psy/BioPsych/serotonin.html 7)"The Physiology of Panic Disorder, Part II", from Panic/Anxiety Disorders on about.com http://panicdisorder.about.com/health/panicdisorder/library/weekly/aa043097.htm 8)"Drug May Help in Rx, Education of Panic Disorder", from The Medical Post, January 29, 1996, found on Internet Mental Health http://www.mentalhealth.com/mag1/p5m-pan1.html 9)Paxil, from SmithKline Beecham http://www.paxil.com/ Other Resources 1)The Neurobiology of Childhood Emotion: Anxiety, from The American Psychoanalyst, Vol. 32, No. 2 http://www.apsa.org/tap/anxiety.htm 2)The Neurobiology of Depression, from Scientific American, June 1998 http://www.sciam.com/missing.cfm

Strain Controlled Triaxial Test- Geotechnical Engineering

1. INTRODUCTION From civil engineering view, Soil is the medium through which the structural loads are transferred safely and efficiently. Soil should be consistent enough to satisfy the requirements even under inevitable circumstances like earthquake, bomb reactions etc. It is necessary to incorporate the seismic effects into the soil properties. Like concrete or steel, engineering properties of soil cannot be found out using theory of classical dynamics and vibrations. It can be found only field and lab tests. To quench the above requirement, various techniques are employed nowadays. The most common methods are cyclic simple shear, cyclic triaxial shear and cyclic torsional shear tests. The dynamic triaxial test is the most effective method to arrive the static and dynamic properties of soil like cyclic deformation, damping ratio, liquefaction strength etc. Though it has some limitations, it is widely used for the analysis of soil under seismic forces. The fundamental parameters obtained from this test are cyclic shear stress and cyclic shear strain, through which the soil is defined. The tests can be done either by stress controlled (cyclic shear stress) or strain controlled (cyclic shear strain). The test setups are highly sophisticated and costly. It needs highly skilled labour. The measuring devices used in the system needs to be calibrated and sealed properly as it is more sensitive to disturbances. The results obtained reflect the site seismic condition to the maximum level provided the strain level is kept minimum. Fig 1. 1 Triaxial Cell Fig 1. 2. A typical Cyclic triaxial apparatus 1. 1WHY DYNAMIC TRIAXIAL The Dynamic forces are time dependent and are usually cyclic in nature i. e. they involve several cycles of loading, unloading and reloading. Earthquake is three dimensional in nature. Hence the shear waves and body waves produced by the earthquake tend to deform the soil in all the directions (for the horizontal level ground). Dynamic Triaxial tests actually reflect the soil condition (in all round stresses) in the site. During earthquakes, the seismic waves cause the loose sand to contract and thereby increasing the pore water pressure. Under undrained loading, development of high pore pressure results in upward flow of water, thereby making the sand in liquefied condition. Pore water pressure is measured effectively in triaxial tests. Among the stress-control and strain-control condition, strain control is adopted widely. This is because; stress-control test has great sensitivity to the sample disturbance. In case of strain-control, pore pressure developed during tests is less affected by specimen fabric and density. The tests can be done on intact specimens and reconstituted specimens. While comparing the results obtained from intact and reconstituted specimens, there is much deviation in stress-control compared to strain-control. (tests done by vucetic and dobry, in 1988). Stress path control is used in the study of path dependence of soil behaviour. Stress deformation and strength characteristics depend on initial static stress field, initial void ratio, pulsating stress level and the frequency of loading. 1. 2APPLICATIONS There are variety of engineering problems which rely heavily on the behaviour of soils under dynamic conditions. These includes design and the remediation Of machine foundation, geotechnical earthquake engineering, protection against construction vibration, non-destructive characterization of the subsurface, design of offshore structures, screening of rail and traffic induced vibrations, vibration isolation etc. When it comes to dynamic triaxial test, the wide range of application is the liquefaction behaviour of soil under seismic forces. 2. HISTORY One of the first pieces of equipment designed to test cyclic triaxial loading was the pendulum loading apparatus by Casagrande and Shannon in 1949. This utilizes the energy of the a pendulum which when released from a selected height, strikes a spring connected to the piston rod of a hydraulic cylinder, this cylinder is further connected to another cylinder located above the cel. The time of loading was between 0. 05 and 0. 01 sec. Fig. 2. 1. Pendulum Loading Apparatus Casagrande and Shannon came up with an equipment called Falling Beam Apparatus as shown in Fig. 2. 2 In 1960, Sead and fead used Pneumatic System for cyclic loading. It marks the evolution of the dynamic triaxial shear apparatus. Fig. 2. 2. Falling Beam Apparatus 3. PRINCIPLE First attempt was made by Seed and Lee (1966) by consolidating a saturated sample under a confining pressure and subjected to constant amplitude cyclic axial stress under undrained conditions. This test was performed till they deformed to a certain amount of peak axial strain. Under this condition creates a stress conditions on a plane of 45 ° through the sample which is the same as those produced on the horizontal plane in the ground during earthquakes. This is the basis on which the cyclic triaxial test works. Fig. 3. 1. Simulation of geostatic and cyclic stress in triaxial test. Shear stress is taken into account as it causes deformation. To incorporate seismic effects, uniform shear stress for a given cycle is adopted for non-uniform stress time data. To achieve that a maximum shear stress is multiplied by a correction factor ?. Then the test is carried out till required deformation or failure to occur. 4. EQUIPMENT 4. 1. Parts of Dynamic triaxial apparatus suggested by ASTM D 3999 – 91(2003) APPARATUSPURPOSECONSIDERATION 1. Triaxial Pressure CellTo mount sample and conduct testTolerance for piston, top platen & low friction piston seal. Ball bearings and friction sealTo minimise frictionFriction can be,  ±2 % of the maximum single amplitude cyclic load Load rodTo facilitate loadingdia = 1/6th of specimen dia Specimen cap & BaseTo provide a sealed platform Rigid, non corrosive, impermeable, Cap weight < 0. 5% of applied axial failure load (static), Valves To regulate back pressure, cell pressure, pore water pressureLeak-proof, withstand applied pressure Top and bottom platensTo facilitate loading and provide a rigid baseProper alignment, load rod sealed with top platen with friction seal. 2. Cyclic Loading EquipmentTo induce cyclic loads Uniform sine wave @ 0. 1 to 2 Hz, simple ram or a closed loop electro hydraulic system 3. Recording EquipmentsTo record the data obtainedProperly calibrated Load MeasurementTo measure the cyclic loadsElectrical, analog or digital Axial deformation MeasurementTo measure the strain rateLVDT or dial guages Pressure ControlTo regulate cell pressureMercury or pneumatic device Pore Pressure transducerTo measure pore pressureTransducers or electronic pressure meters Volume change MeasurementTo check the volume change in the specimenCalibrated and widely used guages 3. Miscellaneous a. Rubber membrane b. Filter paper To hold the specimen To facilitate saturation Leak-proof with minimum restraint Must not cover more than 50% of the specimen. Fig. 4. 1. Schematic Diagram of a stain-controlled dynamic triaxial test 4. 2WORKING PROCEDURE The working mechanism mainly involves three phases a)Saturation phase:Initially the sand is sample saturated by applying cell and back pressure simultaneously. (cell pressure > back pressure) b)Consolidation phase: during test, void ratio should be kept constant. It is obtained in this phase. Back pressure valve is closed. )Load Phase: Actual test begins here. Strain rate is fixed using gear system. Cyclic load is applied either using hydraulic or pneumatic type. Loads and corresponding strains are recorded at loading, unloading and reloading. Test is continued until the required strain or failure occurs. 5. RESULTS From the cyclic triaxial test, we can obtain various graphs for detailed analysis, †¢Load Vs Deform ation †¢Deviatoric Stress Vs Time †¢Axial Strain (%) Vs Time †¢Excess Pore Pressure Vs Axial Strain (%) †¢Excess Pore Pressure Vs Time †¢Deviatoric Stress Vs Axial Strain (%) Fig. 5. 1. Axial load Vs. axial deformation From the hysteresis loop obtained, the dynamic Young’s modulus (Ed) can be calculated, from which shear modulus (G) can be calculated using poisson’s ratio ( µ). Damping factor (D) can also be calculated from the loop obtained. Shear Modulus, G = Ed / 2(1+ µ) Damping factor,D = Ai / 4? At Ai ? Area of Loop At ? Area of shaded portion 6. Discussions: Two series of undrained cyclic triaxial strain controlled tests were performed by Mladen Vucetic and Richardo Dobry, on two different Imperial Valley, California, silty sands which liquefied during an earthquake in 1981. Both intact and reconstituted specimens were tested. The cyclic shear strain is the fundamental parameter governing pore pressure buildup. The saturated deposit is composed of two layers: an upper, looser, sandy silt unit located between 2. 6 m and 3. 5 m depth, containing more fines (37%) (sand A), and the lower, loose to medium-dense sand unit located between 3. 5 m and 6. 8 m, containing less fines (25%) and (sand B). Selected plots of normalized cyclic shear stress, ? cy* = ? cy/? c„ and normalized residual pore pressure, u* = u/? c, versus number of uniform strain cycles, nc, up to nc = 30, are shown in Figs. 6. 1 and 4 for sands A and B, respectively, ? y above is the amplitude of cyclic shear stress acting on 45 ° planes within the specimen, with ? cy= ? dc/2 , where ? dc is the cyclic deviatoric stress amplitude, and u is the accumulated residual cychc pore pressure at the end of the pertinent strain cycle, derived from measurements at the point of the cycle at which the cyclic stress ? dc = ? cy = 0. Fig. 6. 1 Comparis on of results obtained on intact and reconstituted specimens of sand A The effect of sand fabric, that is, the difference between results obtained on reconstituted and intact specimens, is analyzed next for both sands A and B, with the help of Figs. . 1 and 6. 2. It can be readily noticed in these two figures that the residual pore pressures in cyclic triaxial strain-controlled tests are practically unaffected by the change of sand fabric (u* versus nc curves), while, on the contrary, soil stiffness is significantly affected (? cy* versus nc curves). This is especially noticeable in Fig. 6. 2. Fig. 6. 2 Comparison of results obtained on intact and reconstituted specimens of B. Fig. 6. 3 Residual pore pressure in reconstituted specimens of sands A and sand B It must also be noticed that the range of cyclic shear stresses measured at a given cyclic strain in Figs. . 1 and 6. 2, for the two sands and for the two types of specimen fabric, is quite wide, in contrast to the corresponding range of pore pressures in Fig. 6. 3, which is very narrow. This confirms once again that cyclic shear strain is the fundamental parameter governing pore pressure buildup, and that use of strain-controlled testing represents the most appropriate, as well as the most convenient, approach currently available for evaluation of seismic pore pressures and liquefaction of level ground sites. 7. FACTORS AFFECTING CYCLIC STRENGTH Effect of Confining Stress Critical void ratio is not a constant but decreases as confining pressure increases. The stress ratio decreases with increasing confining pressure. Effect of Loading Wave Form As the load data obtained from history are converted into uniform cycle by ?. The order of increasing strength was rectangular, triangular and sine Effects of Frequency on Cyclic Strength The frequency effects have only a minor (< 10 percent) effect on cyclic strength of the soils. The slower loading frequency have slightly higher strength. Effects of Relative Density At relative densities < 50%, complete liquefaction occurred almost simultaneously, and relative densities above 70% were required for safety against large strains. Effects of size & Gradation Well-graded material was somewhat weaker than uniformly graded material. This finding was attributed to a greater densification tendency in well-graded soils, as finer particles move into voids between larger particles, than occurs in uniformly graded soils. This densification tendency causes increased pore pressure. Effects of sampling on strain history Once a specimen has liquefied and reconsolidated to a denser structure, despite this densification, the specimen is much weaker to cyclic stresses reapplied. Effects of Over consolidation Ratio and Ko The maximum deviator stress required to cause a critical strain for a specified number of cycle’s increases with the Ko ratio. Also the cyclic strength increases as OCR and fines content increase. 8. VALIDATION The validation of the apparatus is done by successive tests, researcher’s experience and available equipments. Mladen vucetic and richardo dobry conducted two series (Intact and Reconstituted Specimens) of undrained cyclic triaxial tests on Imperial Valley, California, silty sands which liquefied during an earthquake in 1981. The results were compared and the experimental set up was validated. Further the tests were conducted on different types of sand and validated. 9. DEVELOPMENTS Since 1966, there has been a considerable improvements in the triaxial testing apparatus meeting results of higher accuracy and efficiency. Initially stress controlled methods were used, then strain controlled methods were adopted. To apply loads, initially hydraulic jack was used, then pneumatic system was used and then electro piezometer. Likewise there are so many advancements of triaxial tests. Some of the advancements are discussed below. Chan (1981), and Li et al (1988) Fig. 7. 1. , have developed a popular electro-pneumatic apparatus which incorporates many advancements in apparatus design and operation. Fig. 9. 1. Electro-pneumatic Apparatus Automated Cyclic Triaxial system is the next development, which is the most comonly used apparatus. It is well known for its automated input and output System, data acquisition and quick results. Fig. 9. 2. Automated Triaxial System 9. 1 RECENT ADVANCEMENTS GDS Entry level Dynamic triaxial testing system ?Technical Specifications ?Maximum Operating Frequency: 5Hz ?Minimum Operating Frequency: < 0. 001Hz ?Highly accurate dynamic, electro-mechanical actuator ?Available sample sizes (depending on cell selection): 38 x 76mm (or ? 39. 1 x 78. 2mm) to ? 150 x 300mm. Fig. 9. 3. GDS ELD ? 16-Bit dynamic data logging ?16 Bit dynamic actuator control channel ?Cell pressure range to 2MPa (dependent of cell choice) ?Small laboratory foot print No hydraulic power pack required ?Standard Triaxial cells can be used (upgraded to dynamic seals and bearings) ? Can be upgraded to perform P and S wave bender element testing. ?Can be upgraded to perform unsaturated triaxial testing with the addition of the following items: a)Unsaturated pedestal with high air entry porous stone. b)1000cc digital air Pressure/volume controller (ADVDPC) for the applicati on of pore air pressure and measurement of air volume change c)Optional HKUST double cell (available in the data sheet ‘Unsaturated Triaxial Testing of Soil (UNSAT). As well as dynamic triaxial tests, the ELDyn system can be utilised to carry out traditional triaxial tests such as UU, CU and CD as well as more advanced tests such as stress paths, K0 and Resilient Modulus tests. HS28. 610 cyclic triaxial test system is also a sophisticated apparatus available in Newdelhi (India). DYNATRIAX is another advanced cyclic triaxial equipment available at many places Los Angeles, Poland and many countries. It can operate at a maximum frequency of 10Hz. 10. CONCLUSION Many innovative systems for cyclic loading of soil have emerged in geotechnical engineering. Each system has its unique advantages and limitations. Some ways of minimizing these limitations have been pointed out. The advanced equipments are an additional tool for performing cyclic loading, in particular liquefaction testing. Extreme care must be used in preparing remoulded sand specimens, and special attention must be paid to testing techniques in order to obtain reproducible test results. In particular, the method of specimen preparation, the shape of the loading wave form, and the preciseness of density determinations greatly affect cyclic strength. Hence, development of ASTM standards for cyclic triaxial testing should include consideration of these factors in the results of this investigation. 11. REFERENCES: ASTM D 3999 Determination of Modulus and Damping Properties of Soils Using the Cyclic Triaxial Apparatus Advanced triaxial testing of soil and rock – Page 484 by Robert T. Donaghe, Ronald C. Chaney, Marshall L. Silver Chan, C. K. , 1981, â€Å"An Electropneumatic Cyclic Loading System,† Geotechnical Testing Journal, ASTM, Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 183-187. Dynamic Geotechnical Testing H Ronald J. Ebelhar, Vincent P. Drnevich, and Bruce L. Kutter. STP 1213 ASTM Publication Dynamic Geotechnical Testing : a symposium by Marshall L. Silver Khosla, V. K. and Singh, R. D. , â€Å"Apparatus for Cyclic Stress Path Testing,† Geoteehnical Testing Journal, GTJODJ, Vol. 6, No. 4, Dec. 1983, pp. t65-172. Fundamental of Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering By Prasad. Soil Liquefaction, a critical state approach by Mike Jefferies & Ken Been Kramer, Steven L. , Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering, Prentice-Hall, Inc. , Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1996 Townsend, F. C, â€Å"A Review of Factors Affecting Cyclic Triaxial Teste,† Dynamic Geotechnical Testing, ASTM STP 654, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1978, pp. 356-383.

Labour Market Context - 11897 Words

4 The Labour Market Context of HRM Chapter Objectives †¢ To define internal and external labour markets †¢ To outline the role of HRM as the interface between an organisation and its labour markets †¢ To identify the changing labour market conditions under which contemporary organisations operate †¢ To critically evaluate the implications for HRM of the ‘knowledge economy’ †¢ To outline how labour market trends are impacting upon how organisations utilise labour and how HRM practices are driving labour market change †¢ To outline the various ways that firms can respond to different labour market conditions †¢ To outline the notion of organisational flexibility and how various forms of flexible working practices impact†¦show more content†¦The latter 90 04-Wilton-4081-CH-04.indd 90 HRM IN CONTEXT 25/08/2010 7:10:18 PM refers to a strategy of recruiting required labour from outside the firm as and when needed. A ‘make’ strategy is, therefore, internally-focused whilst a ‘buy’ strategy is externally-focused. The internal labour market The internal labour market refers to that which exists within a single organisation and represents its internal supply or stock of labour. In its broadest sense, the internal labour market is the mechanism by which existing employees are attributed particular roles within a firm. The specific characteristics of an organisation’s internal labour market are reflective of a number of HR policy emphases, for example, the level of investment in employee training and development, the availability of career development opportunities and the extent to which employee retention and job security are prioritised. Contextual factors, particularly the types of skills, knowledge and attributes required, also act to shape the ‘type’ of internal labour market that exists within a firm. 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The Role Of Independent And Non Medical Prescribing

The Role of Independent and Non-Medical Prescribing: Prescribing is defined and the process involving information gathering, clinical decision making, communication and evaluation which then results in the initiation, continuation or cessation of medication/s. Independent prescribing means that the prescriber takes responsibility for the clinical assessment, diagnosis and management of patients. This included prescribing medications where necessary. Independent prescribers include doctors, dentists and nurses. Dependent prescribing included an agreement between an independent prescriber and a dependent prescriber. This agreement involves implementing clinical management plan to optimise patient health with the approval of the†¦show more content†¦The following is a time line of the UK history of non-medical prescribers and the factors influencing its development. Prescribing in Australia is authorised by individual state and territory legislations that deal with drugs and poisons. These legislations allow various levels of health professionals to administer/supply medications under an assortment of protocols or direct order agreements. Any prescriber must also follow processes that have been determined by their professional bodies, which is legally binding in Australia. Legally, prescribers must also maintain all confidentiality and privacy clauses. Also, the patient’s health and wellbeing should be the focus of all decision making so that no-harm should come to the patient. The knowledge and skills obtained from the required training should be used to optimise patient’s health. Ethics of prescribing in Australia is a philosophy of clinical practice that follows the following four principles the form the main framework for ethical decision-making; 1. Beneficence a. This is the duty by the health professional to do good. This usually overlaps with efficacy, which is outlined by evidence-based practice. 2. Non-maleficence a. 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Informative Speech About Fortune Cookies - 1217 Words

Kate Husted Com 115 H12 October 1, 2017 Informative Speech Preparation Outline General Purpose: The general purpose of this speech is to inform. Specific Purpose: The specific purpose of this speech is to inform my audience about fortune cookies. Central Idea: Today we will review the history of fortune cookies, explore how the fortunes themselves have evolved, and reveal a simple recipe for making them. Introduction Attention Grabber: According to Jennifer Lee’s January 2008 New York Times article entitled â€Å"Solving a Riddle Wrapped in a Mystery Inside a Cookie†, 3 billion fortune cookies are made each year. If these fortunes are laid out end to end they would stretch from Colorado to China, 10 times (Lee, 2008). That’s 4.5 million cookies†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ The modern fortune cookie was developed in the United States in San Francisco California in the early to mid-1900’s. o Around this time was the beginning of World War II, causing the US sentiment to turn against Japanese Americans. o At this point Chinese business men and women in the US took advantage, claiming the cookie as their own, producing and selling them at Chinese restaurants. TRANSITION: That’s how the Chinese fortune cookie came to be, now let’s explore aspects of the fortunes themselves. Main Point 2: What are the fortunes of a typical fortune? †¢ I used two sources for this main point, including articles written by travel blogger Chanel, and an article called What is â€Å"Omikuji†. o Travel blogger Chanel actually went to Japan, visited temple, and purchased a fortune in order to gain a better understanding of this aspect of Japanese culture. o The article called What is â€Å"Omikuji† was written for the July 2016 issue of the Japan Monthly Web Magazine. †¢ The Japanese version of the fortune cookie also included a written fortune encased in the cookie. o The Japanese referred to fortunes cookies as Omikuji Senbei, which translates to written fortune cracker. o These fortunes are taken very seriously in Japan, they can cost 100 – 200 Yen. o They can still be found in Japan today at Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples. o The fortunes can range from extreme blessing to extreme curse. o Those who receive a bad luckShow MoreRelatedBrand Building Blocks96400 Words   |  386 Pagesforce, and advertising is lower and can be spread over hundreds of product classes and in part because of logistical advantages. The result is more price pressure. Sales promotion is both a driver and an indicator of the price focus. In the 1950s, about 10 percent of the communication mix was devoted to price promotions. Those were the days when distribution was simple, retailers were concerned with building new stores rather than squeezing margins, and markets were growing. Today, more than 75 percentRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesUniversity of Colorado at Denver; Dean J. Nelson, Dutchess Community College; James E. Parejko, Chicago State University; Robert Sessions, Kirkwood Community College; and Stephanie Tucker, California State University Sacramento. Thinking and writing about logical reasoning has been enjoyable for me, but special thanks go to my children, Joshua, 8, and Justine, 3, for comic relief during the months of writing. This book is dedicated to them. For the 2012 edition: This book is dedicated to my wifeRead MoreMarketing and E-commerce Business65852 Words   |  264 PagesColor/Hagarstown Text Font: ITC Veljovic Std. Book, 9.5pt Credits and acknowledgements borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on page C-1. Microsoft and/or its respective suppliers make no representations about the suitability of the information contained in the documents and related graphics published as part of the services for any purpose. All such documents and related graphics are provided â€Å"as is† without warranty of any kind. Microsoft and/or its respective

Strategic Marketing Planning and Management

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Marketing Planning and Management. Answer: Introduction As per Ward and Peppard, (2016), strategic management refers to the formulation and implementation of major goals and objectives of an organization. Only setting up of the goals cannot be defined as strategic management. In the brooder since, Strategic management means the adoption of various initiatives which is needed to successfully achieve the long term goals and objectives of the company. It is essential to have an effective strategic management for the smooth running of an organization. On the other hand, Value Chain Analysis is another important concept in strategic management as it is an important strategic tool. Value chain is used to analyze the internal activities of a firm. Value chain helps to recognize the most valuable activities and provide the scope of improvement for the weak activities (Hollensen, 2015). The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the strategic management of the company, Google. Google is one of the largest corporations in the world (www.google.c o.in 2016 ). The first part of the study explains Porters five forces model in relation to Google. A values chain analysis is done on Google in the next step of the study. The last part of the study shows that how Google has utilized their capabilities to become one of the best multinational companies in the world. Porters Five Forces Model As per Porter, there are five forces or five factors that decide the competitiveness among the peer organizations (Dobbs, 2014). The barriers are discussed below in details: Porters Five Forces (Source: created by author) The Entry of New Competitors: In the era of the changing digital business, the entrance of new firms is always a potential threat for the existing organizations. Now companies are coming with better digital business plans that have bright future growth potential (Magretta, 2013). Google also had to face some major difficulties at the time to enter in the market of digital business. As per the case study, Google had to face a lot of competitions from various renowned companies. An existing company always has to face a lot of competitions from existing as well as new companies (Tauman, Weiss Zhao, 2015). This is called the threat of new entrants. There were some companies that gave a tough competition at the initial stage of entry. The companies are Microsoft, Apple and Yahoo. Yahoo was invented in the year 1994 to give competition to Google. Its a search engine and at the time of the launch, the aim of the company was to deliver a smooth and effective internet experience to the common people. However, within 5 years of the launch, Google easily outperformed Yahoo (Hirt Willmott, 2014). Another tough competitor was Microsoft. Bill Gates incorporated Microsoft in the year of 1974. From that time, Microsoft has been giving a tough competition to Google. Microsoft offers a large variety of computer and internet services that has changed the way people think about internet and computer (Ward Peppard, 2016). The entry of Apple in this market gave a strong competition to Google. The business strategies from the leaders of Apple changed the mode of business at that time. Apple actually changed the business scenario at the time of economic recession. These are three main competitors whose entrance gave Google a tough competition (Christensen, 2013). Value Chain Analysis Value chain refers to the process of a firms identification of its primary and support activities as these activities add value to the final product of the company (Fearne et al., 2012). As per Porters values chain analysis model, there are five activities that Google follows. These value chain activities are discussed below: Inbound Logistics: Inbound logistics refers to the delivery, transportation and storage of the goods that are coming in a business for the various business activities. As per the company policy of the business, the inbound supply chain management details are not disclosed by Google to anyone. It has been reported that Google is planning to introduce digital transformation in supply chain management by automated drones. There is a dedicated supplier site maintained by Google where the supplier can get all supply related information (Zamora, 2016). Operations: There are 40 countries in the world where Google operates through more than 70 offices. Google is reputed by the creative designs in the offices. There are various features in these offices like pianos, cafes, pool tables, sharing cubs, video games and many others. All the operations of Google are based on the Googles organizational culture which is working in a challenging environment and to adopt unorthodox ways to get things done. As per different views, due to the increase in size in the business operations, the company needs to develop more rules, regulations and policies for the smooth running of the business operations of the company. Sales and Marketing: Google has adopted both online and offline communication channels for the purpose of communicating the marketing message. The communication mixes adopted by Google are advertisement, various events, various public relation campaigns, various events and many others. Google sales are done in the form of online. They have recently started offline sales. Services: There is a forum called the Google forum that is used to give live support to the various issues caused to the Google users. This forum is always available to any kind of technical as well as other issues faced by the user of the company. Google always gives first priority to their customers. From the above analysis, it can be understood that there are some key areas from where Google is creating value for the company. These areas are Human Resource and Technology. Technology is the most important driving force behind the success of Google as Google has been using technology in every aspect of their business. On the other hand, their unique human resource strategy to tackle the employees of the organization has given the company a competitive edge over their competitors. The company is using their technological advantage to solve the various issues of the customers (George, 2013). Core competencies (CC) are the combination of skills and resources that make an organization different and unique from the other organizations. After conducting the value chain analysis on Google, it can be said that this company has some competencies that differentiate it from the other companies. The first CC is the technological advantage that Google uses in every aspect of their business. Ranking algorithm which is used in the Google search engine is another CC. Google has a significant awareness about the change management of the company where necessary. One of the most important CC of Google is their strategic leadership. They have some excellent leaders and an effective management team that ensures the smooth running of the organization. Based on the above discussion it can be said that the software engineering and the infrastructure of the hardware is the major core competencies of the company. On the other hand, the culture of the company and the technological innovation are continuously supporting these above discussed core competencies. These are considered as the core competencies as they are hard to imitate, impossible for the competitors to observe, unique to the customers and satisfy the need if the customers. Ansoffs Matrix Google has been known as one of the fastest growing multinational companies in the world as they have been successful to use their core competencies in an effective manner to grow their business. The Ansoffs Matrix is considered in case of Google. There are four components in the Ansoffs matrix (Darroch, 2014). Three of them are discussed below to analyze how Google has used their core competencies to grow their business. Ansoff Matrix (Source: created by author) Market Penetration: Market penetration refers to the selling of the existing products of the company to the existing customers in order to increase the market share (McDONALD, 2016). As it has been discussed earlier, Google is famous for their innovation in the products. It has been seen that Google has been continuously developed their products to cater to the increasing demands of the customers. For example, todays Google search engine is better and far more improved than the one when it was first launched. This indicates that that Google is always ready to tap the market. There are other instances of improved products by Google like Google advertisements, other Google search engines and many more. Market Development: Market development as per Ansoffs matrix refers to those strategies that help to identify and develop new markets for the current products or the new products. Having change management as one of the core competencies, Google has been successful to develop new markets for its current as well as new products. Search engine used to be the main area of focus for Google one time. However, Google has introduced new products as online advertising, various applications and mobile phones to tap the new market of technology. Here, technological innovation plays an important part with the change management. A lot of people all over the world are using various products of Google and it can be said that the company has become successful to develop new markets for its various products (Thijsen, Tong Leer, 2014). Product Development: Product development strategies are used to develop new products in the market to ensure more growth of the company (Holahan, Sullivan Markham, 2014). Various core competencies are needed for the development of new products. At first, Google came up with the search engine by using one of its core competencies that is raking algorithm. After that, Google has come up with more innovative technological products like Google advertisements, various Google applications, Google mail, mobile phones and many others. As per Google, this progress would not be possible without the help of the leaders of the company like the board of directors and many others. On the other hand, technological improvements and business culture helps them to earn the faith of the customers all around the world. Conclusion As per the above discussion, it can be said that strategic management has an important role to play in the growth of Google. Now-a-days, Google is one of the best multinational corporations all over the world and the core competencies of the organizations have been playing a significant part behind this success. As per the Porters five forces model, it can be seen that a new entrants in the digital industry has to face a lot of difficulties while entering into the market. It can be seen from the above study, there were mainly three companies whose entrance in the market gave a tough challenge to Google. The companies are Yahoo, Apple and Microsoft. Among them, Google easily surpassed Yahoo among five years of launch. However, Microsoft and Apple have been two leading companies along with Google in recent years. As per the above study, the core competencies of Google are identified and they are technological innovation, change management, ranking algorithm, improved hardware and many others. They are the core competencies of the company as they are unique by nature, hard to follow for the competitors, helps to satisfy the needs of the customers and many others. One of the reasons behind the success of Google is that the company has been successful to effectively use the core competencies of them. They have been successful to develop new markets by launching new products by using the core competencies of them. However, there are some areas where Google need improvement. Thus some recommendations are given below: The privacy system of various products of Google has been an emerging issue. Thus, this issue needs to be resolved. There are still a lot of people and places where Google has not reached yet like the areas where there is no development in the digital technology. Hence, the company needs to take necessary steps to tap these markets. Price of the Google products can be reduced in order to avail more people use the products of the company as some of the products are of high price. There is a real scope of the development of the mobile products of Google as it is not as popular as the other products. References Christensen, C. (2013).The innovator's dilemma: when new technologies cause great firms to fail. Harvard Business Review Press. Christopher, M. (2016).Logistics supply chain management. Pearson Higher Ed. Company Google. (2016).Google.co.in. Retrieved 3 November 2016, from https://www.google.co.in/about/company/ Darroch, J. (2014). Ansoffs Growth MatrixIn Detail. InWhy Marketing to Women Doesnt Work(pp. 131-147). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Dobbs, M. (2014). Guidelines for applying Porter's five forces framework: a set of industry analysis templates.Competitiveness Review,24(1), 32-45. Fearne, A., Garcia Martinez, M., Dent, B. (2012). Dimensions of sustainable value chains: implications for value chain analysis.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,17(6), 575-581. George, B. (2013). Apple Value Chain analysis. Hirt, M., Willmott, P. (2014). Strategic principles for competing in the digital age.McKinsey Quarterly,2. Holahan, P. J., Sullivan, Z. Z., Markham, S. K. (2014). Product development as core competence: How formal product development practices differ for radical, more innovative, and incremental product innovations.Journal of Product Innovation Management,31(2), 329-345. Hollensen, S., 2015.Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Magretta, J. (2013).Understanding Michael Porter: The essential guide to competition and strategy. Harvard business press. McDONALD, M. A. L. C. O. L. M. (2016). 5 Strategic marketing planning.The marketing book, 86. Tauman, Y., Weiss, Y., Zhao, C. (2015). Bargaining on the Sale of a New Innovation in the Presence of Potential Entry. Thijsen, T., Tong, T., van Leer, J. (2014). Ansoff Model.Marketing. Ward, J., Peppard, J. (2016).The Strategic Management of Information Systems: Building a Digital Strategy. John Wiley Sons. Zamora, E. A. (2016). Value Chain Analysis: A Brief Review.Asian Journal of Innovation Policy,5(2).